Publications

Peer Reviewed Journal Articles

Bienlien LM, Audemard C, Reece KS, Carnegie RB. Impact of parasitism on levels of human-pathogenic vibrio species in eastern oysters. J Appl Microbiol 2022;132(2):760-71.

Carnegie RB, Ford SE, Crockett RK, Kingsley-Smith PR, Bienlien LM, Safi LSL, Whitefleet-Smith LA, Burreson EM. A rapid phenotype change in the pathogen perkinsus marinus was associated with a historically significant marine disease emergence in the eastern oyster. Sci Rep 2021;11(1).

Guévélou E, Carnegie RB, Whitefleet-Smith L, Small JM, Allen SK. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to quantify perkinsus marinus infecting crassostrea virginica. Aquaculture 2021;533.

Arfken A, Song B, Allen SK, Carnegie RB. Comparing larval microbiomes of the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) raised in different hatcheries. Aquaculture 2021;531.

Guévélou E, Carnegie RB, Small JM, Hudson K, Reece KS, Rybovich MM. Tracking triploid mortalities of eastern oysters crassostrea virginica in the virginia portion of the chesapeake bay. J Shellfish Res 2019;38(1):101-13.

Ford SE, Stokes NA, Alcox KA, Kraus BSF, Barber RD, Carnegie RB, Burreson EM. Investigating the life cycle of haplosporidium nelsoni (msx): A review. J Shellfish Res 2018;37(4):679-93.

Ben-Horin T, Burge CA, Bushek D, Groner ML, Proestou DA, Huey LI, Bidegain G, Carnegie RB. Intensive oyster aquaculture can reduce disease impacts on sympatric wild oysters. Aquac Environ Interact 2018;10:557-67.

Groner ML, Maynard J, Breyta R, Carnegie RB, Dobson A, Friedman CS, Froelich B, Garren M, Gulland FMD, Heron SF, Noble RT, Revie CW, Shields JD, Vanderstichel R, Weil E, Wyllie-Echeverria S, Harvell CD. Managing marine disease emergencies in an era of rapid change. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 2016;371(1689).

Carnegie RB, Arzul I, Bushek D. Managing marine mollusc diseases in the context of regional and international commerce: Policy issues and emerging concerns. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 2016;371(1689).

Arzul I, Carnegie RB. New perspective on the haplosporidian parasites of molluscs. J Invertebr Pathol 2015;131:32-42.

Rodgers CJ, Carnegie RB, Chávez-Sánchez MC, Martínez-Chávez CC, Furones Nozal MD, Hine PM. Legislative and regulatory aspects of molluscan health management. J Invertebr Pathol 2015;131:242-55.

Hill-Spanik KM, McDowell JR, Stokes NA, Reece KS, Burreson EM, Carnegie RB. Phylogeographic perspective on the distribution and dispersal of a marine pathogen, the oyster parasite bonamia exitiosa. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 2015;536:65-76.

Hill KM, Stokes NA, Webb SC, Hine PM, Kroeck MA, Moore JD, Morley MS, Reece KS, Burreson EM, Carnegie RB. Phylogenetics of bonamia parasites based on small subunit and internal transcribed spacer region ribosomal DNA sequence data. Dis Aquatic Org 2014;110(1-2):33-54.

Hine PM, Carnegie RB, Kroeck MA, Villalba A, Engelsma MY, Burreson EM. Ultrastructural comparison of bonamia spp (haplosporidia) infecting ostreid oysters. Dis Aquatic Org 2014;110(1-2):55-63.

Audemard C, Carnegie RB, Hill KM, Peterson CH, Burreson EM. Bonamia exitiosa transmission among, and incidence in, asian oyster crassostrea ariakensis under warm euhaline conditions. Dis Aquatic Org 2014;110(1-2):143-50.

Mann R, Southworth M, Carnegie RB, Crockett RK. Temporal variation in fecundity and spawning in the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica, in the piankatank river, virginia. J Shellfish Res 2014;33(1):167-76.

Carnegie RB, Hill KM, Stokes NA, Burreson EM. The haplosporidian bonamia exitiosa is present in australia, but the identity of the parasite described as bonamia (formerly mikrocytos) roughleyi is uncertain. J Invertebr Pathol 2014;115(1):33-40.

Stentiford GD, Bateman KS, Stokes NA, Carnegie RB. Haplosporidium littoralis sp. nov.: A crustacean pathogen within the haplosporida (cercozoa, ascetosporea). Dis Aquatic Org 2013;105(3):243-52.

Dungan CF, Carnegie RB, Hill KM, McCollough CB, Laramore SE, Kelly CJ, Stokes NA, Scarpa J. Diseases of oysters crassostrea ariakensis and C. virginica reared in ambient waters from the choptank river, maryland and the indian river lagoon, florida. Dis Aquatic Org 2012;101(3):173-83.

Cáceres-Martínez J, Ortega MG, Vásquez-Yeomans R, García TDJP, Stokes NA, Carnegie RB. Natural and cultured populations of the mangrove oyster saccostrea palmula from sinaloa, mexico, infected by perkinsus marinus. J Invertebr Pathol 2012;110(3):321-5.

Carnegie RB, Burreson EM. Declining impact of an introduced pathogen: Haplosporidium nelsoni in the oyster crassostrea virginica in chesapeake bay. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 2011;432:1-15.

Hill KM, Carnegie RB, Aloui-Bejaoui N, Gharsalli RE, White DM, Stokes NA, Burreson EM. Observation of a bonamia sp. infecting the oyster ostrea stentina in tunisia, and a consideration of its phylogenetic affinities. J Invertebr Pathol 2010;103(3):179-85.

Ford SE, Stokes NA, Burreson EM, Scarpa E, Carnegie RB, Kraeuter JN, Bushek D. Minchinia mercenariae n. sp. (haplosporidia) in the hard clam mercenaria mercenaria: Implications of a rare parasite in a commercially important host. J Eukaryotic Microbiol 2009;56(6):542-51.

Hine PM, Carnegie RB, Burreson EM, Engelsma MY. Inter-relationships of haplosporidians deduced from ultrastructural studies. Dis Aquatic Org 2009;83(3):247-56.

Audemard C, Carnegie RB, Burreson EM. Shellfish tissues evaluated for perkinsus spp. using the ray's fluid thioglycollate medium culture assay can be used for downstream molecular assays. Dis Aquatic Org 2008;80(3):235-9.

Carnegie RB, Stokes NA, Audemard C, Bishop MJ, Wilbur AE, Alphin TD, Posey MH, Peterson CH, Burreson EM. Strong seasonality of bonamia sp. infection and induced crassostrea ariakensis mortality in bogue and masonboro sounds, north carolina, USA. J Invertebr Pathol 2008;98(3):335-43.

Audemard C, Carnegie RB, Bishop MJ, Peterson CH, Burreson EM. Interacting effects of temperature and salinity on bonamia sp. parasitism in the asian oyster crassostrea ariakensis. J Invertebr Pathol 2008;98(3):344-50.

Audemard C, Carnegie RB, Stokes NA, Bishop MJ, Peterson CH, Burreson EM. Effects of salinity on bonamia sp. survival in the asian oyster crassostrea ariakensis. J Shellfish Res 2008;27(3):535-40.

Van Dover, C.L., M.E. Ward, J. Underdown, M.A. Whalen, C.A. Gustafson, B. Anderson, J. Scott, and R.B. Carnegie. 2007. A fungal epizootic in mussels at a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Marine Ecology 28: 54-62.

Bishop, M.J., R.B. Carnegie, N.A. Stokes, C.H. Peterson, and E.M. Burreson. 2006. Predicting the outcome of a non-native oyster introduction: facilitation of an enzootic parasite. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 325: 145-152.

Hare, M.P., S.K. Allen, Jr., P. Bloomer, M.D. Camara, R.B. Carnegie, J. Murfree, M. Luckenbach, D. Meritt, C. Morrison, K. Paynter, K.S. Reece, and C.G. Rose. 2006. A genetic test for recruitment enhancement in Chesapeake Bay oysters, Crassostrea virginica, after population supplementation with a disease tolerant strain. Conservation Genetics 7: 717-734.

Camara, M.D., S.K. Allen, Jr., R.B. Carnegie, and K.S. Reece. 2006. Out-crossing among commercial strains of the northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria: Survival, growth, and implications for selective breeding. Journal of Shellfish Research 25(2): 403-416.

Carnegie, R.B., E.M. Burreson, P.M. Hine, N.A. Stokes, C. Audemard, M.J. Bishop, and C.H. Peterson. 2006. Bonamia perspora n. sp. (Haplosporidia), a parasite of the oyster Ostreola equestris, is the first Bonamia species known to produce spores. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 53(4): 232-245.

Audemard, C., L. M. Ragone Calvo, K. T. Paynter, K. S. Reece, E. M. Burreson. 2006. Real-time PCR investigation of parasite ecology: in situ determination of oyster parasite Perkinsus marinus transmission dynamics in lower Chesapeake Bay. Parasitology 132: 827-842.

Moss, J. A., E. M. Burreson, and K. S. Reece. 2006. Advanced Perkinsus marinus infections in Crassostrea ariakensis maintained under laboratory conditions. Journal of Shellfish Research 25(1): 65-72.

Azevedo, C., P Balseiro, G. Casal, C. Gestal, R. Aranguren, N.A. Stokes, R.B. Carnegie, B. Novoa, E.M. Burreson, and A. Figueras. 2006. Ultrastructural and molecular characterization of Haplosporidium montforti n. sp., parasite of the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92: 23-32.

Johnson, P.T.J., J.E. Longcore, D.E. Stanton, R.B. Carnegie, J.D. Shields, and E.R. Preu. 2006. Chytrid fungal infections of Daphnia pulicaria: development, ecology, pathology and phylogeny of Polycaryum laeve. Freshwater Biology 51: 634-648.

Burreson, E.M., K.S. Reece, and C.F. Dungan. 2005. Molecular, morphological, and experimental evidence support the synonymy of Perkinsus chesapeaki and Perkinsus andrewsi. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52: 258-270.

Meyer, G.R., S.M. Bower, and R.B. Carnegie. 2005. Sensitivity of a digoxigenin-labelled DNA probe in detecting Mikrocytos mackini, causative agent of Denman Island Disease (mikrocytosis) in oysters. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 88: 89-94.

Reece, K.S., M.E. Siddall, N.A. Stokes, and E.M. Burreson. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of the Haplosporidia based on two independent gene sequences. Journal of Parasitology 90 (5): 1111-1122.

Carnegie, R.B., and N. Cochennec-Laureau. 2004. Microcell parasites of oysters: Recent insights and future trends. Aquatic Living Resources 17: 519-528.

Burreson, E.M., and S.E. Ford. 2004. A review of recent information on the Haplosporidia, with special reference to Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX disease). Aquatic Living Resources 17: 499-517.

Audemard, C., K. S. Reece, E. M. Burreson. 2004. Development of real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of the protistan parasite Perkinsus marinus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 6611-6618.

Audemard, C., M.-C. Sajus, A. Barnaud, B. Sautour, P.-G. Sauriau, F. J. C. Berthe. 2004. Infection dynamics of Marteilia refringens in flat oyster Ostrea edulis and copepod Paracartia grani in a claire pond of Marennes-Oléron Bay. Dis. Aquat. Org. 61: 103-111.

Burreson, E.M., N.A. Stokes, R.B. Carnegie, and M.J. Bishop. 2004. Bonamia sp. (Haplosporidia) found in non-native oysters, Crassostrea ariakensis, in Bogue Sound, North Carolina. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 16 (1): 1-9.

Bower, S.M., R.B. Carnegie, B. Goh, S.R.M. Jones, G.J. Lowe, and M.W.S. Mak. 2004. Preferential PCR amplification of parasitic protistan SSU rDNA from metazoan tissues. J. Eukaryotic Microbiology 51 (3): 325-332.

Litaker, R.W., M.W. Vandersea, S.R. Kibler, K.S. Reece, N.A. Stokes, K.A. Steidinger, D.F. Millie, B.J. Bendis, R.J. Pigg, and P.A. Tester. 2003. Identification of Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae) and Pfiesteria-like organisms using internal transcribed spacer-specific PCR assays. Journal of Phycology 39: 754-761.

Carnegie, R.B., G.R. Meyer, J. Blackbourn, N. Cochennec-Laureau, F.C.J. Berthe, and S.M. Bower. 2003. Molecular detection of the oyster parasite Mikrocytos mackini, and a preliminary phylogenetic analysis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 54(3): 219-227.

Anderson, R.S., B.S. Kraus, S.E. McGladdery, K.S. Reece, and N.A. Stokes. 2003. A thraustochytrid protist isolated from Mercenaria mercenaria: molecular characterization and host defense responses. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 15: 183-194.

Ragone Calvo, L. M., C. F. Dungan, B. S. Roberson and E. M. Burreson. 2003. A systematic evaluation of factors controlling Perkinsus marinus transmission dynamics in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 56: 75-86.

Ragone Calvo, L. M., G. W. Calvo, and E. M. Burreson. 2003. Dual disease resistance in a selectively-bred eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, strain tested in Chesapeake Bay. Aquaculture. 220(1-4):69-87

Stokes, N.A., L.M. Ragone Calvo, K.S. Reece, and E. M. Burreson. 2002. Molecular diagnostics, field validation, and phylogenetic analysis of Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX), a pathogen of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 52:233-247.

Burreson, E. M. 2001. Spore ornamentation of Haplosporidium pickfordi, a parasite of freshwater snails in Michigan. J. Eukaryotic Microbiol. 48(6): 622-626.

Calvo, G. W., M. W. Luckenbach, S. K. Allen and E. M. Burreson. 2001. A comparative field study of Crassostrea ariakensis (Thundberg 1793) and Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin 1791) in relation to salinity in Virginia. J. Shellfish Res. 20: 221-229.

Stokes, N. A. and E. M. Burreson. 2001. Differential diagnosis of mixed infections of Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) and Haplosporidium costale (SSO) using DNA probes. J. Shellfish Res. 20: 207-213.

Ragone Calvo, L. M., R. L. Wetzel and E. M. Burreson. 2001. Development and verification of a model for the population dynamics of the protistan parasite Perkinsus marinus within its host, the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. J. Shellfish. Res. 20: 231-241.

Burreson, E. M., N. A. Stokes and C. S. Friedman. 2000. Increased virulence in an introduced pathogen: Haplosporidium nelsoni in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. J. Aquatic Animal Health 12: 1-8. (Invited feature article).

Renault, T., N. A. Stokes, B. Chollet, N. Cochennec, F. Berthe, A. Gérard, and E. M. Burreson. 2000. Haplosporidiosis in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas from the French Atlantic coast. Dis. Aquatic Org. 42: 207-214.

O’Farrell, C. L., K. T. Paynter and E. M. Burreson. 2000. Osmotic tolerance and volume regulation in in vitro cultures of the oyster pathogen Perkinsus marinus. J. Shellf. Res. 19(10; 133-138.

Yarnall, H. A., K. S. Reece, N. A. Stokes and E. M. Burreson. 2000. A quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction assay for the oyster pathogen Perkinsus marinus. J. Parasitol. 86(4): 827-837.

Calvo, G. W., M. W. Luckenbach, S. K. Allen and E. M. Burreson. 2000. A comparative field study of Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg 1793) and Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin 1791) in relation to salinity in Virginia. J. Shellfish Res. 18: 465-474.

Berthe, F. C. J., E. M. Burreson and M. Hine. 1999. Use of molecular tools for mollusc disease diagnosis. Bull. European Assoc. Fish Pathol. 19: 277-278.

Ragone Calvo, L.M. and J.G. Walker and E.M. Burreson. 1998. Prevalence and distribution of QPX, Quahog Parasite Unknown, in hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria in Virginia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 33:209-219.

Oliver, L.M., W.S. Fisher, S.E. Ford, L.M. Ragone Calvo, E.M. Burreson, E.B. Sutton, J. Gandy. 1998. Perkinsus marinus distribution and seasonal variation in oysters Crassostrea virginica from Florida, Virginia and New York. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 34:51-61.

Anderson, R.S., L.L. Brubacher, L.M. Ragone Calvo, E.M. Burreson and M.A. Unger. 1998. Effect of in vitro exposure to tributyltin and hypoxia on the progression of Perkinsus marinus infections and host defense mechanism in oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Journal of Fish Diseases 21:371-380.

Ford, S.E., R. Smolowitz, L.M. Ragone Calvo, R.D. Barber, and J.N. Kraeuter. 1997. Evidence that QPX (Quahog Parasite Unknown) is not present in hatchery-produced hard clam seed. Journal of Shellfish Research. 16(2):519-521.

Anderson, R.S., L.L. Brubacher, L.M. Ragone Calvo, E.M. Burreson and M.A. Unger. 1997. Effect of in vitro exposure to tributyltin on gene ration of oxygen metabolites by oyster hemocytes. Environmental Research. 74:84-90.

Burreson, E.M. and L. Ragone Calvo. 1996. Epizootiology of Perkinsus marinus disease of oysters in Chesapeake Bay, with emphasis on data since 1985. Journal of Shellfish Research Special Publication. Journal of Shellfish Research. 15(1):17-34.

Annual Monitoring Reports

Carnegie, R. and E.M. Burreson. 2009. Status of the major oyster diseases in Virginia 2006-2008. A summary of the annual oyster disease monitoring program. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Marine Resource Report.

Carnegie, R. and E.M. Burreson. 2006. Status of the major oyster diseases in Virginia—2005. A summary of the annual monitoring program. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Marine Resource Report.

Carnegie, R. and E.M. Burreson. 2005. Status of the major oyster diseases in Virginia—2004. A summary of the annual monitoring program. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Marine Resource Report.

Carnegie, R., L. Ragone Calvo, and E.M. Burreson. 2004. Status of the major oyster diseases in Virginia—2003. A summary of the annual monitoring program. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Marine Resource Report.

Ragone Calvo, L. and E.M. Burreson. 2003. Status of the major oyster diseases in Virginia—2002. A summary of the annual monitoring program. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Marine Resource Report, 2003-.

Ragone Calvo, L. and E.M. Burreson. 2002. Status of the major oyster diseases in Virginia—2001. A summary of the annual monitoring program. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Marine Resource Report, 2002-1.

Ragone Calvo, L. and E.M. Burreson. 2001. Status of the major oyster diseases in Virginia—2000. A summary of the annual monitoring program. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Marine Resource Report, 01-08.

Ragone Calvo, L. and E.M. Burreson. 2000. Status of the major oyster diseases in Virginia—1999. A summary of the annual monitoring program. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Marine Resource Report, 00-2.

Ragone Calvo, L. and E.M. Burreson. 1999. Status of the major oyster diseases in Virginia—1998. A summary of the annual monitoring program. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Marine Resource Report, 99-3.

Technical and Advisory Reports

Ragone Calvo, L.M., N.A. Stokes, and E.M. Burreson. 2001. Molecular methods for the detection of Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX). Marine Resource Report No. 2001-10, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia.

Ragone Calvo, L.M. and E.M. Burreson. 2002. QPX susceptibility in hard clams varies with geographic origin of brood stock. Virginia Sea Grant Marine Resource advisory No. 74 VSG-02-18, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia.